Chapter 1
Earth Science
Course: Elementary Education Multiple Subjects 5001
Subject: Elementary Education Science Subtest 5005
Chapter: Earth Science
This section focuses on how Earth operates in repeating cycles, displays observable patterns, and experiences both gradual and sudden changes over time. These patterns help scientists predict weather, understand natural events, and explain how Earth's surface evolves.
1. Weather and Climate
Weather is the short-term condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time. It includes:
- Temperature (hot or cold)
- Precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail)
- Wind (speed and direction)
- Humidity (amount of moisture in the air)
- Air pressure
- Cloud cover
Climate is the average weather in a location over a long period, typically 30 years or more.
Factors affecting weather and climate:
- Sun’s energy (solar radiation heats Earth unevenly)
- Earth’s rotation (creates wind patterns and ocean currents)
- Latitude (distance from the equator affects temperature)
- Elevation (higher altitudes are cooler)
- Ocean proximity (water moderates temperature)