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44 Assessment Guide for Educators: Science Appendix D Sample: a subset of individuals (or in this case, data) chosen from a larger set (a population) Sampling techniques: a method used to gather data on a small portion of a larger population. Sampling is used to obtain a representative, statistically valid sample of the larger set. Scientific model (do not substitute scientific presentation, theory): An interpretative description of a phenomenon or system that facilitates access to that phenomenon. May be expressed in a diagram, a set of equations and/or a textual description, though none of those expressions are the model itself. Rather, the expressions represent or communicate the model. Scientific presentation (do not substitute scientific model, theory): any medium through with scientific data or information is conveyed, including text, graphs, tables, diagrams, etc. Sequence of events (do not substitute plot, structure): the order in which events (often historical) occur. Most often conveyed chronologically, but may also be conveyed procedurally, non-literally, etc. Typically, we use “sequence of events” to describe historical events and we use “plot” to describe the events that occur in fictional works. Stance (do not substitute claim, argument, argumentation): the position on which an author bases an argument (e.g., pro or con) Structure (do not substitute sequence of events): the relationships among and/or organization of component parts of a text or other medium (e.g., Q&A or cause-effect) Summarize (do not substitute interpret, analyze): a brief account that gives the main points of something Support (do not substitute justify): to establish by providing appropriate facts and evidence (either quantitative or textual Synthesis/synthesize (do not substitute apply, summarize, analyze): to combine elements or ideas from multiple materials into a unified, if complex, whole Theory (do not substitute scientific presentation, scientific model): a set of principles that explain or predict phenomena T one (do not substitute meaning, voice): the author’s attitude toward the subject and/or audience (e.g., informal, playful, serious, condescending, etc.)