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11 Assessment Guide for Educators: Science Chapter 1: Assessment Targets Science Content T opics and Subtopics3 Life Science L�a Human Body and Health L.a.1 Body systems (e.g. muscular, endocrine, nervous systems) and how they work together to perform a function (e.g. muscular and skeletal work to move the body) L.a.2 Homeostasis, feedback methods that maintain homeostasis (e.g. sweating to maintain internal temperature), and effects of changes in the external environment on living things (e.g. hypothermia, injury) L.a.3 Sources of nutrients (e.g. foods, symbiotic organisms) and concepts in nutrition (e.g. calories, vitamins, minerals) L.a.4 Transmission of disease and pathogens (e.g. airborne, bloodborne), effects of disease or pathogens on populations (e.g. demographics change, extinction), and disease prevention methods (e.g. vaccination, sanitation) L�b Relationship Between Life Functions and Energy Intake L.b.1 Energy for life functions (e.g. photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation) L�c Energy Flows in Ecologic Networks (Ecosystems) L.c.1 Flow of energy in ecosystems (e.g. energy pyramids), conservation of energy in an ecosystem (e.g. energy lost as heat, energy passed on to other organisms) and sources of energy (e.g. sunlight, producers, lower level consumer) L.c.2 Flow of matter in ecosystems (e.g. food webs and chains, positions of organisms in the web or chain) and the effects of change in communities or environment on food webs L.c.3 Carrying capacity, changes in carrying capacity based on changes in populations and environmental effects and limiting resources to necessary for growth L.c.4 Symbiosis (e.g. mutualism, parasitism, commensalism) and predator/prey relationships (e.g. changes in one population affecting another population) L.c.5 Disruption of ecosystems (e.g. invasive species, flooding, habitat destruction, desertification) and extinction (e.g. causes [human and natural] and effects) L�d Organization of Life (Structure and Function of Life) L.d.1 Essential functions of life (e.g. chemical reactions, reproduction, metabolism) and cellular components that assist the functions of life (e.g. cell membranes, enzymes, energy) L.d.2 Cell theory (e.g. cells come from cells, cells are the smallest unit of living things), specialized cells and tissues (e.g. muscles, nerve, etc.) and cellular levels of organization (e.g. cells, tissues, organs, systems) L.d.3 Mitosis, meiosis (e.g. process and purpose) L�e Molecular Basis for Heredity L.e.1 Central dogma of molecular biology, the mechanism of inheritance (e.g. DNA) and chromosomes (e.g. description, chromosome splitting during Meiosis) L.e.2 Genotypes, phenotypes and the probability of traits in close relatives (e.g. Punnett squares, pedigree charts) L.e.3 New alleles, assortment of alleles (e.g. mutations, crossing over), environmental altering of traits, and expression of traits (e.g. epigenetics, color-points of Siamese cats) L�f Evolution L.f.1 Common ancestry (e.g. evidence) and cladograms (e.g. drawing, creating, interpreting) L.f.2 Selection (e.g. natural selection, artificial selection, evidence) and the requirements for selection (e.g. variation in traits, differential survivability) L.f.3 Adaptation, selection pressure, and speciation