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12 Assessment Guide for Educators: Science Chapter 1: Assessment Targets Physical Science P�a Conservation, Transformation, and Flow of Energy P .a.1 Heat, temperature, the flow of heat results in work and the transfer of heat (e.g. conduction, convection) P .a.2 Endothermic and exothermic reactions P .a.3 Types of energy (e.g. kinetic, chemical, mechanical) and transformations between types of energy (e.g. chemical energy [sugar] to kinetic energy [motion of a body]) P .a.4 Sources of energy (e.g. sun, fossil fuels, nuclear) and the relationships between different sources (e.g. levels of pollutions, amount of energy produced) P .a.5 Types of waves, parts of waves (e.g. frequency, wavelength), types of electromagnetic radiation, transfer of energy by waves, and the uses and dangers of electromagnetic radiation (e.g. radio transmission, UV light and sunburns) P�b Work, Motion, and Forces P .b.1 Speed, velocity, acceleration, momentum, and collisions (e.g. inertia in a car accident, momentum transfer between two objects) P .b.2 Force, Newton’s Laws, gravity, acceleration due to Gravity (e.g. freefall, law of gravitational attraction), mass and weight P .b.3 Work, simple machines (types and functions), mechanical advantages (force, distance, and simple machines), and power P�c Chemical Properties and Reactions Related to Living Systems P .c.1 Structure of matter P .c.2 Physical and chemical properties, changes of state, and density P .c.3 Balancing chemical equations and different types of chemical equations, conservation of mass in balanced chemical equations and limiting reactants P .c.4 Parts in solutions, general rules of solubility (e.g. hotter solvents allow more solute to dissolve), saturation and the differences between weak and strong solutions Earth and Space Science ES�a Interactions between Earth’s Systems and Living Things ES.a.1 Interactions of matter between living and non-living things (e.g. cycles of matter) and the location, uses and dangers of fossil fuels ES.a.2 Natural Hazards (e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.) their effects (e.g. frequency, severity, and short- and long-term effects), and mitigation thereof (e.g. dikes, storm shelters, building practices) ES.a.3 Extraction and use of natural resources, renewable vs. non-renewable resources and sustainability ES�b Earth and its System Components and Interactions ES.b.1 Characteristics of the atmosphere, including its layers, gases and their effects on the Earth and its organisms, including climate change ES.b.2 Characteristics of the oceans (e.g. salt water, currents, coral reefs) and their effects on Earth and organisms ES.b.3 Interactions between Earth’s systems (e.g. weathering caused by wind or water on rock, wind caused by high/low pressure and Earth rotation, etc.) ES.b.4 Interior structure of the Earth (e.g. core, mantle, crust, tectonic plates) and its effects (e.g. volcanoes, earth quakes, etc.) and major landforms of the Earth (e.g. mountains, ocean basins, continental shelves, etc.) ES�c Structures and Organization of the Cosmos ES.c.1 Structures in the universe (e.g. galaxies, stars, constellations, solar systems), the age and development of the universe, and the age and development of Stars (e.g. main sequence, stellar development, deaths of stars [black hole, white dwarf]) ES.c.2 Sun, planets, and moons (e.g. types of planets, comets, asteroids), the motion of the Earth’s motion and the interactions within the Earth’s solar system (e.g. tides, eclipses) ES.c.3 The age of the Earth, including radiometrics, fossils, and landforms 3 The GED® Science Content Topics are informed by the National Research Council’s A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts and Core Ideas 2011 .