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15 Assessment Guide for Educators: Science Chapter 2: Item Types & Layouts same skills that fill-in-the-blank items can, though they provide a selection of possible responses from which test-takers can choose. This item type is especially effective for the purposes of assessing how well a test-taker can identify a logical conclusion drawn from text-based evidence or even make a generalization based on an author’s argument. Hot spot Hot spot items consist of a graphic image or block of text with virtual “sensors” placed strategically within it. The test-taker selects a portion of the text or part of the graphic by clicking on the designated sensor. This item type is used to measure a test-taker’s understanding of relationships between data points cited from a textual or graphic stimulus. For example, a hot spot item could contain a pedigree chart requiring test-takers to select offspring with a particular trait in order demonstrate their understanding of heredity. Other items might ask test-takers to select data or points in a graph, chart, or table that support or refute a given conclusion or to select parts of a specific model given some selection criteria (e.g. a model of the human body, a cladogram [i.e., a diagram showing the relationships between organisms], or a matter-cycle diagram). Short answer (SA) Short answer (SA) are items that require test-takers to compose their own brief responses to the wide range of content outlined in the GED® Science Assessment Targets. This item type is used to provide a test-taker the opportunity to create a valid summary of a passage or model, create and successfully communicate a valid conclusion or hypothesis, or derive evidence from a textual or graphic stimulus that supports particular conclusion. Science Practice and Content T opic: The Science Assessment Targets represent a “two-layer” system. The top layer is the science practices and the second layer is the content topics. Every item is aligned to one practice and one content topic.