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34 Assessment Guide for Educators: Science Appendix A Science Practices 2002 Current Test Use science as inquiry, including • identifying questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations • designing and conducting scientific investigations • using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data • thinking critically and logically about • relationships between evidence and explanations • analyzing alternative explanations • communicating scientific arguments • understanding scientific inquiry SP .2.a Identify possible sources of error and alter the design of an investigation to ameliorate that error. SP .2.b Identify and refine hypotheses for scientific investigations. SP .2.c Identify the strength and weaknesses of one or more scientific investigation (i.e. experimental or observational) designs. SP .2.d Design a scientific investigation. SP .2.e Identify and interpret independent and dependent variables in scientific investigations. SP .3.a Cite specific textual evidence to support a finding or conclusion. SP .3.b Reason from data or evidence to a conclusion. SP .3.c Make a prediction based upon data or evidence. SP .3.d Using sampling techniques to answer scientific questions. SP .4.a Evaluate whether a conclusion or theory is supported or challenged by particular data or evidence. SP .5.a Reconcile multiple findings, conclusions or theories. SP .6.a Express scientific information or findings visually. SP .6.b Express scientific information or findings numerically or symbolically. SP .6.c Express scientific information or findings verbally. SP .8.a Describe a data set statistically. SP .8.b Use counting and permutations to solve scientific problems. SP .8.c Determine the probability of events. Understand the links between science and technology to • Identify, change, or improve a piece of technology or technique • Make decisions in regards to identifying and stating new problems or needs • Designing, implementing, and evaluating a solution. Use science in social and personal perspectives to make decisions about personal and social issues, including • personal and community health • population growth • natural resources • environmental quality • natural and human-induced hazards • science and technology in local, national, and global challenges. [Science and technology and science in social and personal perspectives are not separately assessed on the 2014 test. These overall concepts are integrated into the other relevant areas on the current test.]