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41 Assessment Guide for Educators: Science DAppendix Glossary of Key T erms for the Science T est Analysis/analyze (do not substitute infer, summarize): to examine critically in order to determine meaning and to understand the essential elements of [a text or other stimulus] Application/apply (do not substitute interpret, infer, summarize, conclude, calculate, solve, predict): to use or employ an already established skill or piece of information in a new situation Argument (do not substitute claim, stance, argumentation): a process or line of reasoning. For our purposes, arguments can be made either persuasively (i.e., to convince an audience of something) or rhetorically (i.e., to lay out a logical progression of ideas in support of a central stance). Argumentation (do not substitute argument, claim, stance, point of view): the presentation of a line (or lines) of reasoning (i.e., the way in which something is argued, not the line of reasoning itself) Assumption (do not substitute premise, conclusion): something taken for granted; a supposition Author’s credibility (do not substitute author’s point of view, meaning, bias, propaganda): the degree to which an author can be believed or trusted Author’s point of view (do not substitute author’s purpose, meaning, author’s credibility): the author’s attitude or outlook with which information, events, etc. are presented